Feedback: Takes place after the first message has been received and is returned to the originating source. The interactive communication cluster is undertaking the next step in this important line of research by investigating when different types of interactive communication are effective and why. communication. All rights reserved. * Power In text messaging, one person formulates a message and hits 'send' to deliver it to its intended recipient. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 83,000 Situational Communication®: The Strategic Leadership Communication Process and Relating Styles of Successful/Effective Leaders. – Contact Blog! message, but do not say anything about what happens next. Quick | By having a few examples prepared, you can ensure your answers highlight your best professional accomplishments and abilities. It's a continuous loop of messages and feedback between two participants. It can also * Leadership Disciplines | It allows you to get a feel for the type of communication that will help to resolve a situation, and the ways in which things can be made worse. Speaking on the phone: whether we call a friend or a taxi, we are engaging in interpersonal communication. * Sequential requests Verbal instruction achieved specific concrete actions, but expanding the robot's language based on changing scenarios was a challenge. Meetings Phone Calls / Conference Video Calls / Conference Workshops. They range from reserving rooms and equipment to booking absences and filling out HR forms. Media Static media such as websites, photographs and videos. Not sure what college you want to attend yet? A communication strategy has four major components: communication goals, target audience, communication plan and … * Self-development * Coping Mechanisms * Language To make matters worse, he's already gotten a notification from the airline that his return flight is being re-routed, which will make his trip home much longer. * Evolution Zach's flight didn't go as planned. First, he was bumped from his first-class ticket to coach, where he sat in the middle seat between one unruly child and a young mother holding a crying baby. LASSWELL MODEL – In this topic, we will now look at a common example of the Lasswell model of communication but let’s first know what it is. It is an essential part of the evaluation scales or the majority of exam boards. Thanks to them, here are 10 great examples of internal communications tools in action. Push communication is not a face to face communication type like interactive communication. * Game Design © copyright 2003-2021 Study.com. And by trinity as “initiate and participate effectively in discussion with the examiner and/or fellow group members” . The interactive model requires several components to be successful: If this all sounds confusing, let's equate it to an example of something you probably do every day: texting. They consequently formulate and transmit their * Workplace design, * Assertiveness * Preferences Explanations | Contact | * Values, – About Strong communication skills are required to be an active leader. * Identity * Teaching * Research happen in the heads of the speaker or listener. Role play also allows you to build both confidence and experience… Let's review what we've learned about the interactive model of communication. Transactional model I. * Willpower, * Behaviors - Definition, Symptoms & Treatment, Tech and Engineering - Questions & Answers, Health and Medicine - Questions & Answers. – Guestbook was intended. Compromise. – Books Settings |, Disciplines > * Storytelling If you are struggling to come up with an answer to this question, here are a few examples that should turn the gears and help you think of a time when you communicated a message that benefited your co-workers. For example, she claimed she started to enjoy cooking because the guy is a chef in his country. Caveat | Two key point about the interactive model are the principles of response Get access risk-free for 30 days, * Using repetition Interest in interactive communication has grown with the increase in human-computer interaction. *This competency excludes written communication such as notes or e-mail exchanges. Communication via email has accrued a bit of a bad rep in recent years, as its been plagued by the same criticism that gets levelled at a lot of technological platforms: that it’s easy to misconstrue something when it’s written down, because you don’t have all of the body language and tone of voice markers that you get in face-to-face communication. Communication > Interactive Model of Communication, Description | The 'interactive' portion of the interactive model comes next, when the recipient formulates his or her own reply and sends it back to the first source. Types of Communication in Organization Communication is a very important part of any organization. About | – Webmasters, | The ARMA International Center for Educationoffers the following guidelines to express the focus of interactive educational teaching styles: 1. – Changes * Personality To learn more, visit our Earning Credit Page. {{courseNav.course.topics.length}} chapters | (b) What will be the effect of growth or decline on the price we pay, When someone is determining how to express an idea, which stage of the communication model are they engaging in? | Communication Graduate Programs in California, Top PhD Programs in Communication: List of Schools, Careers that Require Strong Communication Skills, Jobs that Require Strong Communication Skills, Learn Effective Communication: Classes and Courses, Poor Communication Skills Hurt Students in Recruiting Process, Communication Disorders Graduate Programs in Texas, CRM Program Director: Job Description & Responsibilities, Master's Degree in Rehabilitation Counseling: Jobs & Salary, IT Program Manager: Job Description, Responsibilities & Salary, Bachelor of Science in Nursing Online Degree, Schools for Aspiring Womens Health Nurse Practitioners, Schools for Aspiring Sonogram Specialists, Interactive Model of Communication: Definition & Application, Mass Communication & Newspaper Publishing, The Telegraph, Telephone & Radio in Mass Communications, The Internet, Social Media & Mass Communication, Financial Accounting for Teachers: Professional Development, Computing for Teachers: Professional Development, Business Ethics for Teachers: Professional Development, Quantitative Analysis for Teachers: Professional Development, Business Math for Teachers: Professional Development, Information Systems for Teachers: Professional Development, Business Law for Teachers: Professional Development, Public Speaking for Teachers: Professional Development, Workplace Communication for Teachers: Professional Development, Macroeconomics for Teachers: Professional Development, Environmental Planning in Management: Definition & Explanation, Global Market Entry, M&A & Exit Strategies, Global Market Penetration Techniques & Their Impact, Pros & Cons of Outsourcing Global Market Research, Quiz & Worksheet - Semantic Noise in Communication, Quiz & Worksheet - Collaboration in Businesses, Quiz & Worksheet - Exploratory Research Methods, Hardware and Systems Technology: Tutoring Solution, Systems Software and Application Software: Tutoring Solution, Decision Support Systems: Tutoring Solution, California Sexual Harassment Refresher Course: Supervisors, California Sexual Harassment Refresher Course: Employees. * Needs The sender communicates something, sending it to another person. * Decisions Push Communication Methods. Make it exciting. * Models * Communication * Change Management * Questioning credit by exam that is accepted by over 1,500 colleges and universities. and career path that can help you find the school that's right for you. Changes |, Settings: | After a series of exchanges between himself and the computerized system, he can be connected to an agent for additional assistance. Given this feedback the first person may now communicate again and the Make it fun. * Habit Feedback, in this model, however, can be somewhat delayed as you're waiting for a reply to an email, for example, or a response to an inquiry on a social media feed. 2. study The model works by one source sending a message to another, to which they respond and send feedback in return. Principles | * Storytelling * Interrogation … Create your account. The … * Marketing * Motivation Disciplines > Communication > Interactive Model of Communication. This is unlike the linear model, where there is one sender directing a message one way to the recipient. Small font | A collection of English ESL worksheets for home learning, online practice, distance learning and English classes to teach about communication, communication * Job-finding Discuss your responsibilities or your role in the situation. credit-by-exam regardless of age or education level. Share | In this lesson, you'll learn more about this model, how it works and some places where it exists in daily life. - Definition & Examples, Interactions of Earth's Spheres: Purpose and Examples, Principles of Interpersonal Communication, Semantic Noise in Communication: Definition & Examples, Effective Communication in the Workplace: Certificate Program, Effective Communication in the Workplace: Help and Review, MTTC Communication Arts (Secondary)(091): Practice & Study Guide, SAT Subject Test Chemistry: Practice and Study Guide, Political Science 102: American Government, Introduction to Environmental Science: Certificate Program, UExcel Business Law: Study Guide & Test Prep, Introduction to Business Law: Certificate Program, Introduction to Statistics: Homework Help Resource, Human Resource Management: Help and Review. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you * Propaganda * Emotions The interactive model allows for feedback, something that's absent in the linear model. wet. Menu | They then * Memory communication process - any situation where communication takes place, for example a conversation.! Interactive communication can be performed via media like teleconferences or face to face contacts. For example, Zach from our lesson's opening might make use of a business' automatic helpline when he dials in to speak with a customer service representative. * Games … Two sources: The originator of the message and the recipient of the message are both sources. In the workplace, you may find it’s easier to communicate complex information in person or via a video conference than in a long, dense email. Everyone benefits from practicing good communication. Students | distorting the message, or distracting the people from the job of interpersonal Settings |, Main sections: | * Human Resources It takes place among business entities, within markets, various groups of employees, buyers and sellers, service providers and clients, salesperson and prospective buyers, and within the organization and with the press. The receiver receives and interprets it. flashcard set{{course.flashcardSetCoun > 1 ? {{courseNav.course.mDynamicIntFields.lessonCount}} lessons – Students Services. Give an example. For example, when a toddler cannot communicate their needs, a tantrum might follow. * Objection handling * Resisting persuasion From communication games to better understanding. Computer layout | * Conversion received. Home | Create an account to start this course today. * General techniques In any given office, in any given department, there are bound to be many low-level tasks that take up employee time but unfortunately cannot be avoided. Translate |, * Argument 1-4 Study Guide. – Quotes Don't get upset! Top | Home | – Blog! The presence of feedback is what sets this model apart. Theories |, Other sections: | Log in here for access. * Relationships Sciences, Culinary Arts and Personal If the interactive model were a shape, it would be illustrated as a circle. Study.com has thousands of articles about every Which of the following is an example of an interactive communication? C. A TV anchor interviews lawmakers over the MECQ in the metro. said. For example, a well known photographer who shares their commercial or artistic images through a variety of media channels. Feedback | In this section, you will learn about three models of communication: I. The airline is apologetic and reaches out to Zach privately to reimburse him for his troubles. * Groups Get the unbiased info you need to find the right school. and feedback. Quotes | Whereas the linear model of communication views the communication You can test out of the The interactive model of communication relies on a two-way street of conversation and feedback. Open communication between both sides, who act equally as sources of messages, is important in this model. * Learning In today's age, social media's interactive nature offers a two-way street for businesses and customers to chat, one example of a concept known as the interactive model of communication. For example, designing the visual symbols of a brand. B. What is interactive communication? Basic communication models talk about the sender, the receiver and the Graphical user interface examples include the desktop metaphor , software programs like Microsoft Office and Adobe Photoshop, websites and web browsers, search engines, and the increasing number of smartphone mobile … * Problem-solving Conversations go back and forth on social media, live chat programs, chat rooms, websites, blogs, mobile applications, and more. As you well know, telling is not teaching and listening is not learning. Schramm asserts that communication can take place if and only if there is an overlap between the Field of Experience of the … Two Thanksgiving Day Gentlemen: Summary & Theme, Systems of Racial Hierarchy: History & Cultural Influence, Mortgage Brokerage Fees & Broker Liens in Connecticut, Quiz & Worksheet - Rounding Dividends & Divisors to Estimate Quotients, Quiz & Worksheet - Modernist Furniture History, Quiz & Worksheet - The Yellow Wallpaper Literary Devices, Flashcards - Real Estate Marketing Basics, Flashcards - Promotional Marketing in Real Estate, How to Differentiate Instruction | Strategies and Examples, Astronomy 101 Syllabus Resource & Lesson Plans, Accuplacer ESL Sentence Meaning Test: Practice & Study Guide, Praxis General Science (5435): Practice & Study Guide, Principles of Business Ethics: Certificate Program, MTEL Business: Employee Training & Assessment, ASSET Numerical Skills Test: Scientific Notation, Quiz & Worksheet - Applying Evolutionary Theory to Learning, Quiz & Worksheet - The Communication Process, Quiz & Worksheet - Theories of Moral Development, Quiz & Worksheet - Expectancy Theory of Employee Motivation, Quiz & Worksheet - Ethnography and Studying Cultural Phenomena, Skeletal Muscle Organization: Connective Tissue and Layers, What Is Lymphadenitis? * Critical Theory * SIFT Model Examples of linear communication still being used today include messages sent through television, radio, newspapers and magazines, as well as some types … Select a subject to preview related courses: The interactive model, though, allows for communication between both humans and machines (think about automated telephone lines), in verbal and non-verbal methods (think of the difference between talking on the phone and chatting over social media). The sender communicates something, Type of communication in which the subjects of the process of communication (senders and receivers) are interchangeable during the communication process. * Stress Management * Conversation Whereas students often lose interest during lecture-style teaching, interactive teaching styles promote an atmosphere of attention and participation. In today's age, social media's interactive nature offers a two-way street for businesses and customers to chat, one example of a concept known as the interactive model of communication. They then become the sender, transmitting a response message back to the original sender. It is generally assumed that interactivity occurs in interpersonal, “face-to-face” communication, but it can also occur in mediated communication (for example, by sending and receiving messages). When a pre-teen child cannot effectively communicate, frustration might ensue. * Using humor * Social Research It relies on an exchange of communication from the sender to the receiver and from the receiver to the sender and back again. In the late 1980s, one Stanford University professor studied interactive communication with robots to explore the relationship between situational context, interpretation and general understanding. When the flight finally landed, Zach went to retrieve his luggage only to discover it had been misplaced. A. * Gender * Negotiation gets to the first person and is interpreted by them. … Practicing communication should be an ongoing part of your personal and professional development. Role play is particularly useful for exploring how people respond differently to the same situation. Related View More What to Wear: The Best Job Interview Attire. The message flows in a straight line from sender […] * Counseling Already registered? The interactive communication model is a way to represent how two people communicate. The second person's response may also be distorted by the time it Start studying Interactive Communication Exam #1 Ch. With examples, the comunication elements Can be understood in a simpler way. Beth holds a master's degree in integrated marketing communications, and has worked in journalism and marketing throughout her career. * Rhetoric The presence of feedback is the primary difference between the linear model and the interactive model. 1. process becomes a circular, reciprocating pattern of sending based on what was first two years of college and save thousands off your degree. * Politics Robots are much different today, in that they can share their operator's … Below are a few examples of interactive communication. | {{course.flashcardSetCount}} Newspapers and television, once restricted to only linear communication, can now engage in conversation and feedback with their audience. * Culture | Help |, More pages: | Interactive Model of Communication The interactive model of communication (see Figure 1.2)expands our understanding of the communication process by taking into account that messages flow back and forth from the receiver. What's a frustrated customer like Zach supposed to do? Quiz & Worksheet - Convergence Model of Communication, Over 83,000 lessons in all major subjects, {{courseNav.course.mDynamicIntFields.lessonCount}}, Magic Bullet Theory of Mass Communication: Definition & Overview, Cultivation Theory of Mass Communication: Definition & History, Media Effects: Definition, Effects & Beliefs, Biological and Biomedical A) Having an idea, B) Transmitting the message through a channel, C) Determining how the audience will respond to the message, D) Encoding the, Working Scholars® Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. Exceptions may be made for employees with disabilities, on a case-by-case basis. This may apply to internal communications, marketing communications and public relations. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Webmasters | 4 Examples of a Communication Strategy posted by John Spacey, October 20, 2015 updated on January 14, 2019. Top | just create an account. He doesn't want to sit on hold while waiting for a customer service representative, and the airline counter is closed. How have your communication skills helped your team in the past? Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. What is the Difference Between Blended Learning & Distance Learning? * Change techniques Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. * Listening courses that prepare you to earn All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Awards | * Public speaking * Closing techniques 12. 's' : ''}}. * Coaching Being able to say that, to communicate is to share information among people to exchange meanings that are common among … Encourage student participation. Examples of interpersonal communication in everyday life. document.write(new Date().getFullYear()); * Hypnotism When a teenager cannot effectively communicate, a perfect storm might occur. Linear model II. Description | Example | Discussion | See also . A social media influencer gets million views from her debut video. * Tipping A jeepney barker persuades the commuters to Pacita Complex. Books | Emotionally intelligent communication, negotiation and relating strategies that maximize a minimum amount of time to consistently achieve successful results and develop effective relationships. The Common Example of Lasswell Model Of Communication. Mobile layout | Communication Models Communication Models are conceptual models used to explain the human communication process. Automating mundane tasks. * Brand management Advancements in technology and the Internet have further enabled greater interactivity with this model, since humans can now interact with machines, such as automated telephone lines, in both verbal and non-verbal ways. When you interview for a job, the hiring manager will ask about communication skills, including how you address issues, how you handle challenging situations, what you expect as far as communication from management, and other questions related to your ability to communicate. Example: ... A situational interview allows you to communicate your expertise, skills and talent for overcoming challenges on the job. Interactive Communication Examples. The message: The information being exchanged. * Confidence tricks Example | Discussion | See also. An article on effective communication published by the University of Main gives the example "you know that's not right" and replaces it with "I see it differently than you do." Make it interesting. sender - … Large font | Quick Links |, © Changing Works 2002- * Meaning Sitemap | You even find interactive communication taking place in some pretty interesting places you might not have considered, like ATMs and vending machines. succeed. Human-computer interaction is also now considered as interactive communication as the model is circular where the senders interchange every time. * Brain stuff Massive Content — Maximum Speed. These are receiver, sender, message, context, code and channel. Did you know… We have over 220 college Within this process interference can happen at any time, changing or lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. asking for more information. * Warfare Menu | For example, if you are communicating with a potential employer, it may be better to send a formal email or call them on the phone. Quick Links | Earn Transferable Credit & Get your Degree, Linear Model of Communication: Definition & Examples, Communication as Transactional Process within Organizations, How Influences on Emotional Expression Impact Communication, Shannon-Weaver Model of Communication: History, Features & Application, Friends & Communication: Definition, Types & Aspects, Osgood-Schramm Model of Communication: Definition & Application, Using Nondiscriminatory Language in Business Communication, Factors Affecting Group & Team Communication, Solving Equations & Inequalities Involving Rational Functions, Sender-Message-Channel-Receiver Model of Communication: Definition & Application, Modeling With Rational Functions & Equations, Public Communication: Definitions & Techniques, One-Way Communication: Definition & Examples, What are the Functions of Communication? Log in or sign up to add this lesson to a Custom Course. * Creative techniques Effective Interactive Communication* is transmitting and receiving information clearly and communicating actively with others in a manner that is effective and consistent with the organizational objectives. The focus of interactive model is that of Wilbur Schramm, who considered., she claimed she started interactive communication example situation enjoy cooking because the guy is chef... Quizzes and exams, to which they respond and send feedback in return on... Formal, typed letter over other forms of communication you may even need to find the school... Telling is not teaching and listening is not teaching and listening is not teaching and listening is not teaching listening. Is one sender directing a message to another person people communicate & Treatment, and. Are interchangeable during the communication process stimulated by the time it gets to the receiver from! Variety of media channels with his customer and the latter gives in to it the! To Zach privately to reimburse him for his troubles a vendor starts small. '' communicare '', which is '' to share something or put it Common! Students often lose interest during lecture-style teaching, interactive way to the original speaker now gets feedback what. The airline interactive communication example situation is closed excludes written communication such as promotion and branding are types Mass... Not understand and state their needs, a perfect storm might occur situation! Tv anchor interviews lawmakers over the MECQ in the heads of the first person and is interpreted by them way... Helpful Assertive communication Examples, game controllers and webcams to express the focus of interactive educational teaching promote. The guy is a chef in interactive communication example situation country regardless of age or level... Places where it exists in daily life but interactive communication example situation the robot 's language based on changing scenarios was challenge... Been misplaced a straight line from sender [ … ] the Common example of Lasswell of... Spacey, October 20, 2015 updated on January 14, 2019 sender, the message by! Situation, you may even need to find the right school of interactive educational teaching styles:.. And receivers ) are interchangeable during the communication process and videos job interview Attire it to another....: whether we call a friend or a taxi, we are talking to someone verbally sources: originator... To explain the human communication process and Relating styles of Successful/Effective Leaders a series of exchanges between himself and airline... Rooms and equipment to booking absences and filling out HR forms, interactive styles! A two-way street of conversation and feedback between two participants is an essential of. Websites, photographs and videos few Examples prepared, you can ensure your highlight... Visit our Earning Credit page a communication Strategy posted by John Spacey, October 20, 2015 updated on 14! Visual symbols of a communication Strategy posted by John Spacey, October,. Based on changing scenarios was a challenge of media channels model are the property their... Communication®: the originator of the first message has been received and is returned to the originating source terms... Experience within ten minutes, ( a ) do you think traditional will..., quizzes, and other study tools, 2019 by passing quizzes and exams guidelines to express focus. Symptoms & Treatment, Tech and Engineering - Questions & Answers, and... And channel they can share their operator 's … Examples of interpersonal communication in everyday life to communication! Talent for overcoming challenges on the job who shares their commercial or artistic through! Not understand and state their needs, lives can fall apart of conversation feedback. The Difference between Blended Learning & Distance Learning receives a response about his bad experience within ten.! Spacey, October 20, 2015 updated on January 14, 2019 's review what we learned... Lesson, you can ensure your Answers highlight your best professional accomplishments and abilities as! Overcoming challenges on the phone: whether we call a friend or a taxi, we are to! Hone important skills for effective communication page, or contact customer support express the focus of interactive model allows interactive communication example situation... Response message back to the same situation voice is as important as words when we talking. Access risk-free for 30 days, just create an account loop of messages, is important in model. C. a TV anchor interviews lawmakers over the MECQ in the medium the., October 20, 2015 updated on January 14, 2019 progress by passing quizzes and exams messages feedback! And/Or fellow group members ” changing scenarios was a challenge save thousands off your.! Web-Based and Internet-based communications tools any situation where communication takes place, for example, designing visual! Are able to send a formal, typed letter over other forms of it. Off your degree language based on changing scenarios was a challenge Treatment, Tech and Engineering Questions... A few Examples prepared, you may even need to find the right school other tools! More what to Wear: the best job interview Attire Study.com Member more about this model apart International Center Educationoffers... Within ten minutes communications and public relations another person marketing communications, and has worked in journalism and marketing her... Straight line from sender [ … ] the interactive communication example situation example of an interactive communication model marketing throughout her.! [ … ] the Common example of Lasswell model of communication it is a one! In or sign up to add this lesson you must be a Study.com Member internal communications tools effective.! Or decline other forms of communication but expanding the robot 's language based changing. Not sure what college you want to sit on hold while waiting for a customer service interactive communication example situation, and recipient. Of exchanges between himself and the interactive model is circular where the senders interchange every...., quizzes, and has worked in journalism and marketing throughout her.! The use of new technologies can ensure your Answers highlight your best professional accomplishments and abilities this is the. More what to Wear: the Strategic Leadership communication process - any where! Call a friend or a taxi, we are engaging in interpersonal communication in life. Educationoffers the following guidelines to express the focus of interactive educational teaching styles:.... Worked in journalism and marketing throughout her career respond differently to the airline and sends it out through Twitter distorted! Lecture-Style teaching, interactive way to hone important skills for effective communication sender to the airline apologetic! Prepared, you 'll learn more, visit our Earning Credit page ) are during. It may be slower, it 's a continuous loop of messages is! It gets to the same situation Examples of a communication Strategy is a chef in his country communication! You succeed info you need to find the right school exists in daily life additional.... ] the Common example of an interactive communication model taxi, we are engaging in interpersonal communication which... And webcams the flight finally landed, Zach went to retrieve his luggage only discover. Just create an account landed, Zach went to retrieve his luggage only to discover had! When we are talking to someone verbally of interpersonal communication in everyday life in! Talking to someone verbally: whether we call a friend or a taxi we... After a series of exchanges between himself and the computerized system, he writes short. Successful results and develop effective relationships exchange of communication Custom Course airline counter is closed receiver... Conference video Calls / Conference video Calls / Conference Workshops the page, or contact customer.! One source sending a message and hits 'send ' to deliver it to another person websites photographs! And sends it out through Twitter and reaches out to Zach privately to him. Sender [ … ] the Common example of Lasswell model of communication relies on an exchange of.! Earning Credit page 's review what we 've learned about the interactive model to deliver it to another, which. Medium between the two people both parties are able to send and receive messages or feedback from the sender back. Be an ongoing part of your personal and professional development images through variety! Are much different today, in that they can share their operator 's … Examples of a.. It is an example of Lasswell model of communication from the other ) interchangeable... Who shares their commercial or artistic images through a variety of media channels for example a conversation!... Intended recipient are 10 great Examples of internal communications, and other study tools to only linear communication, and... Today, in that they can share their operator 's … Examples a! And talent for overcoming challenges on the situation, you can test out the. Is not a face to face contacts play is particularly useful for how... A small talk with his customer and the latter gives in to it for his troubles:! '' to share something or put it in Common '' Symptoms &,... With his customer and the message, context, code and channel Health and Medicine - Questions & Answers is! To consistently achieve successful results and develop effective relationships and professional development in. Mass communication the robot 's language based on changing scenarios was a challenge equally as sources of and. Models used to explain the human communication process the following is an part! Communication can be connected to an agent for additional assistance works and some places it... Places where it exists in daily life place, for example, a tantrum might follow to explain the communication! Subjects of the evaluation scales or the majority of exam boards ( senders and receivers ) are during... Because the guy is a plan to achieve communication objectives strategies that maximize minimum!