For this purpose, in the 1870s, the Costa Rican government contracted with U.S. businessman Minor C. Keith to build a railroad from San José to the Caribbean port of Limón. The total exports were US$12.6 billion for a trade deficit of US$2.39 billion in 2015. Today, the jaguar numbers are highest in the Amazon, but they also thrive in the swamp lands and tropical forests in Costa Rica. The conflict was won by the Republicans and, as a consequence, the city of Cartago lost its status as the capital, which moved to San José. President Óscar Arias Sánchez admitted the action was a response to economic exigency. Costa Rica is only 51,100 square miles (19,700 square kilometers). [91], Costa Rica has a long-term disagreement with Nicaragua over the San Juan River, which defines the border between the two countries, and Costa Rica's rights of navigation on the river. Most of the native population was absorbed into the Spanish-speaking colonial society through inter-marriage, except for some small remnants, the most significant of which are the Bribri and Boruca tribes who still inhabit the mountains of the Cordillera de Talamanca, in the southeastern part of Costa Rica, near the frontier with Panama. [56], Many foreign companies (manufacturing and services) operate in Costa Rica's Free Trade Zones (FTZ) where they benefit from investment and tax incentives. or "how are you?". [51] The country had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 4.65/10, ranking it 118th globally out of 172 countries. Historians have classified the indigenous people of Costa Rica as belonging to the Intermediate Area, where the peripheries of the Mesoamerican and Andean native cultures overlapped. Costa Rica borders the Caribbean Sea to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. NOTE: The information regarding Total Area - sq km on this page is re-published from the CIA World Factbook 2020. Several homes in the neighborhood east of the park display the Star of David and other Jewish symbols. km amongst East Asia and Pacific in 2008. [69] Coffee production increased by 13.7% percent in 2015–16, declined by 17.5% in 2016–17, but was expected to increase by about 15% in the subsequent year. [82], By 2004, tourism was generating more revenue and foreign exchange than bananas and coffee combined. The University of Costa Rica has been awarded the title "Meritorious Institution of Costa Rican Education and Culture". [24], Another important factor behind Costa Rica's poverty was the lack of a significant indigenous population available for encomienda (forced labor), which meant most of the Costa Rican settlers had to work on their own land, preventing the establishment of large haciendas (plantations). Costa Rica's official language is Spanish; and more than 90 percent of Costa Ricans are Roman Catholic (www.greenarrow.com). The country also experienced well-being higher than many richer nations and a per capita ecological footprint one-third the size of the United States. clean energy to generate power for over 90 days", "Costa Rica's Electricity Is Nearly At 100% Renewable Energy", "A bird-eye view of Costa Rica's transport infrastructure", "Latin American countries with the largest number of international tourist arrivals in 2015 (in millions)", "Costa Rica: Flow of Visitors Up 10% in 2016", "Tourism Represents 5.8% of GDP in Costa Rica - Costa Rica Star News", "Costa Rica alcanza cifra récord en llegadas internacionales: 2,9 millones de visitantes", "Turismo, principal motor de la economía durante el 2004", "Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2011", "Costa Rica Ranks 38th in Tourism and Travel Competitiveness Report 2017 - Costa Rica Star News", "The Most Ethical Travel Destinations for 2017", "Costa Rican Ministry of International Relations Declaration of Objectives", "Costa Rica re-establishes ties with Cuba", "International Court of Justice recent provisional Costa Rica-Nicaragua decision", "World Court Settles San Juan River Dispute; Nicaragua and Costa Rica Both Claim Victory", "Costa Rica Boots Taiwan, Welcomes China In Diplomatic Switch", "UN News - UN Member States set to adopt 'historic' treaty prohibiting nuclear weapons", "Costa Rica's peace dividend: How abolishing the military paid off", "Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. Costa Rica also borders Nicaragua to the north (309 km or 192 mi of border) and Panama to the southeast (639 km or 397 mi of border). After the coup d'état, Figueres became a national hero, winning the country's first democratic election under the new constitution in 1953. Coffee was first planted in Costa Rica in 1808,[31] and by the 1820s, it surpassed tobacco, sugar, and cacao as a primary export. Belize and El Salvador were the smallest countries in … [21] The name may also have come from conquistador Gil González Dávila, who landed on the west coast in 1522, encountered natives, and obtained some of their gold, sometimes by violent theft and sometimes as gifts from local leaders. [139] Universal public education is guaranteed in the constitution; primary education is obligatory, and both preschool and high school are free. Room Size: 68 square meters / 732 square … High levels of education among its residents make the country an attractive investing location. Stats Costa Rica also borders Nicaragua to the north and Panama to the south. The capital and largest city is San Jose, which has a population of 333,980 and a high population density of 6,455 people per square kilometer (16,720/square mile). This house with 2 bedrooms and 2 bathrooms is located in Alajuela, Alajuela Costa Rica, in the county of Alajuela. ", "Costa Rica es nuevamente el país más feliz del mundo, según índice 'Happy Planet, "UK citizens better off than EU counterparts, says happiness index", "Measuring what matters: the Happy Planet Index 2012", "Costa Rica: Achievements of a Heterodox Health Policy", "CLOSING THE GAPS: The Challenge to Protect Costa Rica's Health Care System", Contested Cornerstones of Nonviolent National Self-Perception in Costa Rica: A Historical Approach, Policymaking, Parties, and Institutions in Democratic Costa Rica, Official website of the government of Costa Rica, World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Costa Rica, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Costa_Rica&oldid=1000453291, Spanish-speaking countries and territories, States and territories established in 1821, Articles with incomplete citations from October 2018, CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown, Articles with dead external links from February 2019, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from September 2019, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009, Articles lacking reliable references from February 2011, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Articles with Spanish-language sources (es), Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Costa Rica finished a term on the United Nations Security Council, having been elected for a nonrenewable, two-year term in the 2007 election. All children under one have access to well-baby clinics, and the immunization coverage rate in 2002 was above 91% for all antigens. [2] Native and European mixed blood populations are far less than in other Latin American countries. Dance-oriented genres, such as soca, salsa, bachata, merengue, cumbia and Costa Rican swing are enjoyed increasingly by older rather than younger people. And later in the 19th century, the African flavor lent its presence with influence from other Caribbean mixed flavors. [52], The country has been considered economically stable with moderate inflation, estimated at 2.6% in 2017,[53] and moderately high growth in GDP, which increased from US$41.3 billion in 2011 to US$52.6 billion in 2015. [42][97] According to DW, "Costa Rica is known for its stable democracy, progressive social policies, such as free, compulsory public education, high social well-being, and emphasis on environmental protection. The total surface area covers 19,730 square miles (51,100 square kilometers) of area including territorial waters, the mainland and several smaller islands- ranking Costa Rica 128 th in the world just in terms of size. Pacific Ocean ranked first for area > total globally in 2008. The presence of Clovis culture type spearheads and arrows from South America opens the possibility that, in this area, two different cultures coexisted. Deforestation, illegal pet-trading, and hunting are the main reasons for its threatened status. The Latinobarómetro survey of 2017 found that 57% of the population identify themselves as Roman Catholics, 25% are Evangelical Protestants, 15% report that they do not have a religion, and 2% declare that they belong to another religion. Largest Cities in Costa Rica 83.8% of people living in Costa Rica live in a city or a surrounding metro area. In 2010 Belize had 63% of remaining forest cover, Costa Rica 46%, Panama 45%, Honduras 41%, Guatemala 37%, Nicaragua 29%, and El Salvador 21%. Following the brief Costa Rican Civil War in 1948, it permanently abolished its army in 1949, becoming one of only a few sovereign nations without a standing army.[13][14][15]. In a report released by the Ministry of the Environment (MMA) and Science, Technology, Innovation and Communications (MCTIC) on Friday, about 7,900 square kilometers (3,050 square miles… One national park, the Corcovado National Park, is internationally renowned among ecologists for its biodiversity (including big cats and tapirs) and is where visitors can expect to see an abundance of wildlife. Last year the world lost some 119,000 square kilometers (45,946 square miles) of tree cover – an area the size of Nicaragua – according to satellite … Search for real estate and find the latest listings of Costa Rica Property for rent. The Cocos Island is a famous island located off the coast of Costa Rica in the Pacific Ocean. [111] This survey indicated a decline in the share of Catholics and rise in the share of Protestants and irreligious. From 2001 to 2010, 5,376 square kilometers (2,076 sq mi) of forest were lost in the region. Can the world learn from it? [148] Prior to 1940, government hospitals and charities provided most health care. In exchange for completing the railroad, the Costa Rican government granted Keith large tracts of land and a lease on the train route, which he used to produce bananas and export them to the United States. This is a list of countries by total area. [68], Pharmaceuticals, financial outsourcing, software development, and ecotourism have become the prime industries in Costa Rica's economy. It would also benefit from more graduates in Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) programs, according to the report. Most of them live in secluded reservations, distributed among eight ethnic groups: Quitirrisí (in the Central Valley), Matambú or Chorotega (Guanacaste), Maleku (northern Alajuela), Bribri (southern Atlantic), Cabécar (Cordillera de Talamanca), Guaymí (southern Costa Rica, along the Panamá border), Boruca (southern Costa Rica) and Térraba [es] (southern Costa Rica). In 1973, the CCSS took over administration of all 29 of the country's public hospitals and all health care, also launching a Rural Health Program (Programa de Salud Rural) for primary care to rural areas, later extended to primary care services nationwide. They have 15,000 residents per square kilometer. Urban land area (sq. They mainly grew tubers and roots. On 15 September 1821, after the final Spanish defeat in the Mexican War of Independence (1810–21), the authorities in Guatemala declared the independence of all of Central America. ", This page was last edited on 15 January 2021, at 04:54. km) Rural land area (sq. Paulo Wanchope, a forward who played for three clubs in England's Premier League in the late 1990s and early 2000s, is credited with enhancing foreign recognition of Costa Rican football. Geologically, Arenal is considered a young volcano and it is estimated to be less than 7,500 years old. The guitar is popular, especially as an accompaniment to folk dances; however, the marimba was made the national instrument. Unsure of what to do? Within three years, “we sampled an area the size of Costa Rica,” said Fragoso — about 48,000 square kilometers (18,500 square miles). The three largest countries in Central America all had an area of more than 100 thousand square kilometers. [149][150] In 2006, Costa Rica received 150,000 foreigners that came for medical treatment. The plot of 27 acres offers several building sites, mostly also with beautiful views of the river. The Atlantic coast, meanwhile, was populated with African workers during the 17th and 18th centuries. With uninterrupted democracy dating back to at least 1948, the country is the region's most stable.[43][44]. [58] In 2016, Amazon.com for example, had some 3,500 employees in Costa Rica and planned to increase that by 1,500 in 2017, making it an important employer. Canada ranked first for area > total amongst Christian countries in 2013. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/01/sun-sea-and-stable-democracy-what-s-the-secret-to-costa-rica-s-success/#:~:text=As%20a%20result%2C%20Costa%20Rica,Happy%20Planet%20Index%20(HPI).&text=A%20recent%20Gallup%20poll%20found,longer%20than%20in%20the%20US. It has a population of around 5 million in a land area of 51,060 square kilometers (19,714 square miles). W; Largest Countries in the World (ranked by area) Largest Countries in the World (by area) The largest country in the world is Russia with a total area of 17,098,242 Km² (6,601,665 mi²) and a land area of 16,376,870 Km² (6,323,142 mi²), equivalent to 11% of the total world's landmass of 148,940,000 Km² (57,510,000 square miles).. See also: Most Populous Countries The capital of this small country is San Jose, which has a population of 300,000 people. Upon independence, Costa Rican authorities faced the issue of officially deciding the future of the country. Football is the most popular sport in Costa Rica. Located in Central America in an area that covers 51.000 square kilometers (19.729 square miles), Costa Rica possesses approximately 6% of the world’s biodiversity. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons", "Costa Rica, the 11th country to ratify the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons", "Costa Rica Population Statistics - CostaRicaLaw.com", www.state.gov "Background Note: Costa Rica – People", "Costa Rica Seeks to Shut Its Doors to Illegal Migrants From Nicaragua", "Costa Rica country profile (from the Migration and Remittances Factbook 2011)", "US partners with Costa Rica to protect Central American refugees", "Costa Rica Becomes A Magnet For Migrants", "Nicaragua, Trump, Deportations and the Affect on Family Remittances", "Latinobarómetro 1995 - 2017: El Papa Francisco y la Religión en Chile y América Latina", "Navidad se vive diferente en hogares ticos no cristianos", Centro Israelita de Costa Rica, Comunidad Judía de Costa Rica, "San José Costa Rica LDS (Mormon) Temple", "List of LDS (Mormon) temples in Central America and the Caribbean", "What Languages Are Spoken In Costa Rica? Let us make you a free custom trip plan! Only 51,100 square kilometers in size, Costa Rica is among the most bio-diverse places on earth. [103][104] Some Nicaraguans migrate for seasonal work opportunities and then return to their country. [54] The estimated GDP for 2017 is US$61.5 billion and the estimated GDP per capita (purchasing power parity) is US$12,382. Many foreign manufacturing and services companies operate in Costa Rica's Free Trade Zones (FTZ) where they benefit from investment and tax incentives. [12] Well over half of that type of investment has come from the U.S.[57] According to the government, the zones supported over 82,000 direct jobs and 43,000 indirect jobs in 2015. Since the late 19th century, however, Costa Rica has experienced two significant periods of violence. [79] In 2015, the tourism sector was responsible for 5.8% of the country's GDP, or $3.4 billion. [70] Coffee production played a key role in Costa Rica's history and in 2006, was the third cash crop export. CSV XML EXCEL. [131][unreliable source?]. It has a total of 1,290 kilometres (800 mi) of coastline. [41] With more than 2,000 dead, the resulting 44-day Costa Rican Civil War was the bloodiest event in Costa Rica during the 20th century. Fact 12: Over 2000 types of plants that you find in the rainforest can be used to help aide in cancer treatment because they have anti-cancer properties. Costa Rica is a member of the International Criminal Court, without a Bilateral Immunity Agreement of protection for the United States military (as covered under Article 98). Find Property for rent in Costa Rica. Since 1990, the growing demand for forest products and for agricultural land has contributed to an average annual loss of 50,000 square kilometers of forest globally - an area the size of Costa Rica. The official language of the country is Spanish, but Mekatelyu and Bribri are both recognized indigenous languages. There are both state and private universities. The breakfast was awesome - my kids were super happy and it was a good first morning in Costa Rica. Since 1999, tourism earns more foreign exchange than the combined exports of the country's three main cash crops: bananas and pineapples especially,[69] but also other crops, including coffee. Population of Costa Rica; GDP (Gross Domestic Product) of Costa Rica; Demographics of Latin America and the Caribbean ; World Demographics; … [72] This helped reorient the forestry sector away from commercial timber production and the resulting deforestation, and helped create awareness of the services it provides for the economy and society (i.e., carbon fixation, hydrological services such as producing fresh drinking water, biodiversity protection, and provision of scenic beauty).[72]. [68] Total imports in that year were US$15 billion. [71], Costa Rica has developed a system of payments for environmental services. Despite the small size of Costa Rica, the varied terrain makes the country seem as though it is much larger. DataBank. Russia ranked first for land area > sq. In practice, the captaincy general was a largely autonomous entity within the Spanish Empire. With San Jose located just southwest of the city, you are never far away from everything that big city life has to offer while being able to return home to a quieter pace of life. Buenos Aires: Tipografia de M. Biedma, 1881. Meanwhile analysis by INPE shows an even steeper drop from 4,375 square kilometers in August 2008 through July 2009 to 2,296 square kilometers in the current period, a decline of 48 percent. The Arenal volcano measures at least 1,633 metres high. For the first and second millennia BCE there were already settled farming communities. [34] In 2015, the value of coffee exports was US$305.9 million, a small part of the total agricultural exports of US$2.7 billion. Costa Rica has a total area of 19,653 square miles (51,100 square kilometers). United States is about 75 times bigger than Nicaragua.. Nicaragua is approximately 130,370 sq km, while United States is approximately 9,833,517 sq km, making United States 7,443% larger than Nicaragua. [98][99], The 2011 census counted a population of 4.3 million people[100] distributed among the following groups: 83.6% whites or mestizos, 6.7% mulattoes, 2.4% Native American, 1.1% black or Afro-Caribbean; the census showed 1.1% as Other, 2.9% (141,304 people) as None, and 2.2% (107,196 people) as unspecified. It remained a peripheral colony of the empire until independence as part of the First Mexican Empire, followed by membership in the Federal Republic of Central America, from which it formally declared independence in 1847. The cantons are further divided into 488 districts (distritos). Costa Rica is 51,000 square kilometers, approximately the same size as West Virginia. In only five square kilometers of coral reef, scientists have discovered 600 species of mollusks, 10 percent of which are unique in the world. [95] In response, the PRC built a new, $100 million, state-of-the-art football stadium in Parque la Sabana, in the province of San José. [46][47] Corcovado is the one park in Costa Rica where all four Costa Rican monkey species can be found. [67] The country's Free Trade Zones provide incentives for manufacturing and service industries to operate in Costa Rica. There is 1,016 km (631 mi) of coastline on the Pacific side and 212 km (132 mi) of coastline on the Caribbean side. The most significant products imported in 2015 (in order of dollar value) were refined petroleum, automobiles, packaged medications, broadcasting equipment and computers. In 2008, there were five specialty national hospitals, three general national hospitals, seven regional hospitals, 13 peripheral hospitals, and 10 major clinics serving as referral centers for primary care clinics, which also deliver biopsychosocial services, family and community medical services and promotion and prevention programs. [87] The Ethical Traveler group's ten countries on their 2017 list of The World's Ten Best Ethical Destinations includes Costa Rica. The country's national territory is 51,100 square kilometers, which makes it about half the size of Kentucky, or slightly larger than Switzerland. Costa Rica became a "rural democracy" with no oppressed mestizo or indigenous class. In 2011, there were over 104,000 Native American or indigenous inhabitants, representing 2.4% of the population. "Hechos Militares y Políticos de Nuestra Historia Patria". [citation needed], Costa Rica is among the Latin America countries that have become popular destinations for medical tourism. [88] Costa Rica began reversing deforestation in the 1990s, and they are moving towards using only renewable energy.[89]. The perinatal mortality rate dropped from 12.0 per 1000 in 1972 to 5.4 per 1000 in 2001.[146]. A 2016 report by the U.S. government report identifies the current challenges facing the education system, including the high dropout rate among high school students. [42] Having enacted these reforms, the junta transferred power to Ulate on 8 November 1949. Area: 51,100 square kilometres. ... m 2 - Square Meter ... sq ft - Square Foot Distance Unit. "[127] In that usage, it might be translated as "awesome", indicating that all is very well. [140] The Nicoya Peninsula is considered one of the Blue Zones in the world, where people commonly live active lives past the age of 100 years. Since then, Costa Rica has held 14 presidential elections, the latest in 2018. In general, the Costa Rican oceans shelter at least 6,777 species, representing 3.5 percent of known species in the planet and also making the country a must-visit destination for diving enthusiasts. The highest point in the country is Cerro Chirripó, at 3,819 metres (12,530 ft). miles). Nicaragua may require Costa Rican boats to display the flag of Nicaragua, but may not charge them for departure clearance from its ports. ", "Solo 1 de cada 10 adultos habla un segundo idioma". [27][28][29], In 1838, long after the Federal Republic of Central America ceased to function in practice, Costa Rica formally withdrew and proclaimed itself sovereign. [11] Its economy, once heavily dependent on agriculture, has diversified to include sectors such as finance, corporate services for foreign companies, pharmaceuticals, and ecotourism. harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBotey_Sobrado2002 (. Dishes such as the very traditional tamale and many others made of corn are the most representative of its indigenous inhabitants, and similar to other neighboring Mesoamerican countries. Costa Rica entered the Summer Olympics for the first time in 1936 with the fencer Bernardo de la Guardia and the Winter Olympics for the first time in 1980 with the skier Arturo Kinch. On 1 June 2007, Costa Rica broke diplomatic ties with Taiwan, switching recognition to the People's Republic of China. You will notice that the city was formed back in 1920, so there is a fair bit of history here. Valentin Balbin. This is roughly the size of West Virginia or Denmark. The 2011 census classified 83.6% of the population as white or Mestizo; the latter are persons of combined European and Amerindian descent. [53] Although 20.5% of the population lives below the poverty line (2017),[62] Costa Rica has one of the highest standards of living in Central America. The central and southern portions of the country had Chibcha influences. The country scored highest in environmental protection among the winners. Lara, Sylvia Lara, Tom Barry, and Peter Simonson. As a result of the immigration of Spaniards, their 16th-century Spanish culture and its evolution marked everyday life and culture until today, with Spanish language and the Catholic religion as primary influences. "[44], In 2017, Costa Rica signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. "Costa Rica is the Happiest Places in the World According to National Geographic. There is also a small Muslim community of about 500 families, or 0.001% of the population. The northwest of the country, the Nicoya peninsula, was the southernmost point of Nahuatl cultural influence when the Spanish conquerors (conquistadores) came in the 16th century. The considerable distance and poor communication routes between Guatemala City and the Central Plateau, where most of the Costa Rican population lived then and still lives now, meant the local population had little allegiance to the federal government in Guatemala. Costa Rica is an observer of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie. km) Rural land area where elevation is below 5 meters (% of total land area) Urban land area where elevation is below 5 meters (% of total land area) [86] By the time of the 2017 report, the country had reached 38th place, slightly behind Panama. As well, Costa Rica would benefit from more courses in languages such as English, Portuguese, Mandarin and French and also in Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM). The victorious rebels formed a government junta that abolished the military altogether, and oversaw the drafting of a new constitution by a democratically elected assembly. Equipped with every essential for a secluded escape, the Villa Sunset With Plunge Pool ensures that everything you need is at your fingertips. Within three years, “we sampled an area the size of Costa Rica,” said Fragoso — about 48,000 square kilometers (18,500 square miles). Costa Rica is a small country encompassing 51,100 square kilometers (19,730 sq miles). Political and economic refugees from El Salvador, Guatemala, and Nicaragua moved to Costa Rica in the 1980s. It stretches across 51,100 square kilometers, which is the size of the country. Because of its educational system, Costa Rica has one of the highest literacy rates in Latin America, 97%. Stone tools, the oldest evidence of human occupation in Costa Rica, are associated with the arrival of various groups of hunter-gatherers about 10,000 to 7,000 years BCE in the Turrialba Valley. Costa Rica is a country located in Central America that is ranked as one of the most visited international destinations. The land size of the city is roughly 2.5 kilometers. It is conically shaped with a crater 140 metres in diameter. Each health committee manages an area equivalent to one of the 83 administrative cantons of Costa Rica. km), which makes it comparable in size to Denmark or the state of West Virginia. Contrary to what people believe, Costa Rica is not an island, it`s just that sometimes, we get mixed up with Puerto Rico, and funny, sometimes people write and call us asking for trips to Costa Rico, or Puerta Rica, or all sorts of combinations. In 2015 which one U.S. dollar equals about 215 colons roam as necessary in... 4 ] the expression is used in costa rica size in square kilometers contexts in conversation of democracy, press freedom subjective! Factbook 2020 which one U.S. dollar equals about 215 colons West Virginia in the country colon, in one. 82 ], the junta transferred power to Ulate on 8 November 1949 for visiting Trade! 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Total globally in 2008 was generating more revenue and foreign exchange than bananas and coffee combined roughly 2.5.! Everything you need is at your fingertips building sites, mostly also with beautiful views of the country the of... Fewer than a thousand speakers Technology, Engineering and Math ( STEM ) programs, to. Young volcano and it was also the tenth most densely populated region with 81 people square. Benefit from more graduates in Science, Technology, Engineering and Math ( STEM ) programs According.