Short Essay on Customs Union and Economic Integration. Structural factors also include the income level and size of an economy, the level of concentration of economic activity, and employment in key sectors such as agriculture and the extractive sector that influence regional processes of integration whether at the level of broad regional negotiation processes or at the level of functional cooperation between stakeholders from neighbouring countries. As a result, African governments have concluded a very large number of regional integration arrangements, several … At that time, I referred to three forms of integration. %PDF-1.7 <> August 25, 2000. by Michael Mussa Economic Counselor and Director of Research IMF Presented in Jackson Hole, Wyoming at a symposium sponsored by the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City on “Global Opportunities and Challenges,” Regional Integration in East Asia Challenges and Opportunities Part I: History and Institutions ... motivating factors and underlying dynamics of the European Union and the North American Free Trade ... and Integration is part II of this paper. Several factors account for underinvestment in agriculture in Africa. There are four main types of regional economic integration. Integration is where design meets reality, where theoretical meets practical implementation. Secondly, the large market so created would permit a hight degree of sophistication and specialisation of products conducive to furtherance of modern industrial development. Regional Integration… Step Two: When barriers to trade are eliminated, imports will enter through whichever country has the lowest external tariff and trade restriction. One was the integration of the ASEAN market. The deeper integration of regional markets through the elimination of non-tariff barriers can reduce trade and operating costs. <>stream Regional economic integration may be a precondition for, rather than an obstacle to, integrating developing countries into the world economy by minimizing the costs of market fragmentation. Regional integration is essential here as well, since goods, services and people need to be able to flow seamlessly across borders to reduce costs and to help firms become competitive enough to link to these value chains. This is the most basic form of economic cooperation. integration are applicable to the integration arrangement among developing countries and tries to summarize these theories in three main groups – general economic, market-related and trade-related factors and effects. These political objectives include, 1.National Security 2.Structure of Governance : Macroeconomic Policies 3.Democracy 4.Human rights. Art, R. J. Although REI’s role in contributing to growth and development was recognised and acknowledged, its importance in Africa has never been properly outlined. Furthermore, this may facilitate the realisation of the optimum allocation of resources, and thus, lead to an increase in efficiency in production. PreserveArticles.com is a free service that lets you to preserve your original articles for eternity. Further, support to regional integration is one of the key stated objectives of the European Union’s trade ... factors that underpin corridor initiatives and the different inter and intra-country interests. At some point, someone has to make it all work. It’s probably one of the most significant steps that the continent has taken to address its market paradox. The paper demonstrates that, besides the multiple membership problems, many other factors explain the low level of the Democratic Republic of Congo’s regional integration, namely poor diversification of its industrial sector, political instability and the lack of a clear and well defined strategy for a regional integration process. 12 0 obj Copyright. POLITICAL ASPECTS/FORCES THAT MOTIVATES REGIONAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATION Many regional economic communities have been driven by political rather than economic goals. overview. implementation of ambitious regional integration efforts must take into account regional asymmetries and inequalities in Southern Africa and other barriers to the implementation of existing commitments. For Africa, a vast continent of over 1.2 billion people, integration has considerable potential not only for promoting I don’t see the future of development in Africa without successful regional integration. Disclaimer A desire to help neighboring countries stabilize and prosper. Yet, in practice, intra-regional integration has not received great traction, especially in South… endobj This is the most basic form of economic cooperation. The African Continental Free Trade Area has the potential to boost growth and lift 30 million people out of extreme poverty. Against an international backdrop of changing political and economic priorities, Africa must plot a new course for its industrialisation and economic development, using the momentum of regional integration. Motivation of virtually all regional economic integration (REI) initiatives has been prospect of enhanced economic growth. Section 15.2 looks at the key motivating factors. The main motivation for all regional integration schemes has been the prospect of enhanced economic growth and development. endobj Thus, by capturing the concepts and observed processes underlying the European experience can we expect to make any contribution to understanding the phenomenon of new regionalism and regional integration elsewhere. 2. yQ�f The healthy effects of such a regional economic integration are presumed to be as follows: 1. 6. Free trade area. For the European Union (EU), for example, which has no common foreign or security policy, Differentiate between the motivating factors for regional integration for developed nations such as UK and developing nations such as African countries. 2. Regional integration is often viewed as a way to support development and economic growth in developing countries through the related with it benefits to trade and welfare. In fine, thus, there can be an increase in the general welfare due to better production and enchanced consumption, and a rise in real income generated by the overall growth and development. The second was the integration of the new members into the ASEAN regional body. The success of the integration project was its own catalyst for ‘ever-closer union’ and the growth of the Community. Africa Journal of Management, Vol.1, No.4 15 December 2015. Above all, the increased possibilities of competition in a regional common market would ensure that all benefits accruing to the producers from the existence of a large market would be passed on to the consumer. Globalisation and Development: Assessing Factors that impede Development among the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) - Regional Governance - Joseph Ato Forson - Term Paper - Politics - International Politics - Topic: Globalization, Political Economics - Publish your bachelor's or master's thesis, dissertation, term paper or essay 9 0 obj (*���(%�8H����8c�-�� f�ԉd�9�@6_IjH��9���(3=�D����R�1%? In this discussion, we’ll cover some guidelines that may help ensure the success of your next systems integration project. What Is Regional Economic Integration? <> Keywords: Economic Integration Theory, Developing Countries Integration JEL Classification: F02, F15 64 0 obj 11 0 obj The paper demonstrates that, besides the multiple membership problems, many other factors explain the low level of the Democratic Republic of Congo’s regional integration, namely poor diversification of its industrial sector, political instability and the lack of a clear and well defined strategy for a regional integration process. TOS 10 0 obj Privacy Policy Economic integration theory goes through two development stages each of which addresses the political and economic context relevant for its time. endobj 2 0 obj A number of leaders called for the integration of Africa already soon after independence, but it was only in the 1970s and 1980s that concrete steps were taken to re-launch or establish economic integration institutions in all sub-regions. (2007) Why Western Europe needs the United States and NATO. We define ESG integration as: The recognition in the institutional investor’s investment policy or principles that ESG factors may impact portfolio performance and … Finally, all of these factors in unison lead to a rise in living standards and levels of security that Europe had not experienced for centuries. The second was the integration of the new members into the ASEAN regional body. There is no shortage of books and papers on the benefits of regional integration between countries. Moreover, the possibility of specialisation for regional trade would encourage the flow of investment into industries which have a comparative cost advantage, so that gains from international trade would rise. regional integration contributes to achieving development outcomes like economic growth, addressing inequality, and diversification. <> Regional integration may also be pursued to provide the policy credibility which is … endobj 4. Regional Integration in East Asia : Challenges and Opportunities, Part 1. :�h�~�Cq�ɺ����"Ua�d�oL������j����Ի+��_��������D��peڹ�GܸB�]�@a��N._�����Mq6��p7 ������i��{��A���� R�۠i1���wd��jR�ݡq+�[>�0��Xn����B�{G��C@�G��/��MVE$=�������r)-���g�.և�^A8jUQ�� �HB��\Y E��(���j4�va[�ˬ���VˊF�N*krYV�O�P�Vn� n�{Ǚ'ʽc�w��Hqڊ�G?�O?A0ʽ��(��A�+ Regional Integration: Review of the Management Literature and Implications for Theory, Policy, and Practice. PreserveArticles.com is an online article publishing site that helps you to submit your knowledge so that it may be preserved for eternity. And, Section4summarize the arguments and concludes. Inspired on the South American integration project, this paper revisits the theory of regional Bibliography. Free trade area. Motivating Factors and Policy Issues. This will likely lead to the creation of a customs union; where all free trade members adopt a common external tariff with nonmember countries. Regional integration is often viewed as a way to support development and economic growth in developing countries through the related with it benefits to trade and welfare. In short, thus, it has been conceived that, as a factor in the development of the less developed countries, a regional common market is economically far superior to the relatively small national market sheltered behind a protectionist tariff wall. Progress in regional integration, which would have been an invaluable instrument to expand intra-Africa trade is limited mainly due to unwillingness of governments to (i) surrender some sovereignty of macroeconomic policy making power to a regional authority; (ii) face potential consumption costs that may arise by importing from a high-cost member country; (iii) accept unequal distribution of gains and losses that may follow an integration agreement at least in the short run … A��Rگ��K endobj Africa’s integration is no longer a matter of choice. For Africa, a vast continent of over 1.2 billion people, integration has considerable potential not only for promoting Regional integration is often viewed as a way to support development and economic growth in developing countries through the related with it benefits to trade and welfare. These were pursued by a large number of regional integration agreements in the developing world as well. Expert Answer Motivating Factors for both types of nations: For Developed Nations For Developing Nations Maximising the profit potential by reaching to overseas market with high demand due to high po view the full answer 3. Integration is where design meets reality, where theoretical meets practical implementation. 79TW��;�>��2y� օ ��z8P��e�/V�x�����(�O���^��BLV[ܘdGsq�X�j�側?CV�����”�ƵE�P�e%��8���}V�S1�܀���m�s�R�Ŋ�KWܔd„vq�6�ʌw�Pn�F�:��2���ζ�e�Uu����ˍeS1��W�3�,�C��ri/ލ��BE]���(r �l*Cr���ů����rF�����ۖ�p�K-~n�E�����\���pɦ�̧\�oN��g�"���І�����r��K���9�7�,��!�C%��?�ݯ�-Ydl?C���n��&��Q�F]�?���Ŝ=s� -��(�w��`�,e;�>70�яlA��}�00��5z�����bE��^�ul�H0��ir�[a3߃Mc��i��@�����HJ�����\z�t. Factors Driving Global Economic Integration -- by Michael Mussa, Economic Counselor and Director of Research, IMF. Regional integration refers to various types of political and economic agreements that form closer ties between sovereign countries. )U!���$5�X�3/9�� �(�$5�j�%V*�'��&*���r" (,!��!�0b;�C��Ң2(��ɘ� I�8/ What is the Concept of Regional Economic Integration? 4. [/ICCBased 10 0 R] regional integration and development must take into consideration South Africa’s roles in the region. Specific objectives included assessing the effect of leadership on economic integration, determining the effect of The deeper integration of regional markets through the elimination of non-tariff barriers can reduce trade and operating costs. August 25, 2000. by Michael Mussa Economic Counselor and Director of Research IMF Presented in Jackson Hole, Wyoming at a symposium sponsored by the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City on “Global Opportunities and Challenges,” World Bank Regional Integration Projects. 2.1 Regional Integration Theories of regional integration have been developed to explain European integration. Economic integration theory goes through two development stages each of which addresses the political and economic context relevant for its time. x�c``������$����WR����~�������|@���T��#���2S/`M. The first stage is regarded as classic theory or static analysis and … In this discussion, we’ll cover some guidelines that may help ensure the success of your next systems integration project. Content Guidelines Economic integration theory goes through two development stages each of which addresses the relevant for its time political and economic context The first stage is … 28-10-2014. WHO. 2.1 Regional Integration Theories of regional integration have been developed to explain European integration. The study was conducted for the purposes of examining the factors that affect economic integration in the East African Community (EAC). deal of momentum towards regional integration, inspired by the growing awareness of globalization, increasing homogeneity in issues relating to fiscal, financial and technical barriers to trade. endobj These divisions are a constraint to economic growth, especially in developing countries. A desire to jog the multilateral system into faster and deeper action in selected areas. I don’t see the future of development in Africa without successful regional integration. Against an international backdrop of changing political and economic priorities, Africa must plot a new course for its industrialisation and economic development, using the momentum of regional integration. 5. Other benefits may include intra-regional distribution of resources and a single regional market for goods, services, labour and/or capital. What are the Different Types of Economic Integration? Regional economic integration has enabled countries to focus on issues that are relevant to their stage of development as well as encourage trade between neighbors. Regional integration is often viewed as a way to support development and economic growth in developing countries through the related with it benefits to trade and welfare. RCI promotes growth and narrows development gaps between ADB’s developing member countries by building high quality cross-border infrastructure, closer trade integration, intraregional supply chains, and stronger financial links, and motivating provision of regional public goods, enabling slow-moving economies to speed their own expansion. 2 From the literature3 and experience, some traditional and non-traditional gains from regional integration arrangements could be identified, including: 2.1 Traditional Gains from Regional Integration Arrangements Trade gains: If goods are sufficiently strong substitutes, regional trade agreements will cause the demand for third party goods to decrease, which will drive down prices. nB�io��Ԅ��>�$� �E�X&tLp��~��_ ���"S;C�_�7�#�ŕxb#I/!�AY�B��W��8��mYEpCAq V �KF�%�q B��? FACTORS MOTIVATING INTEREST IN SUB-REGIONAL INTEGRATION Building a sense of security among neighbours The motive for regional economic cooperation is often political as well as economic. necessary for successful regional integration. <> 6. The first stage is regarded as classic theory or static analysis and … Since the mid-1950s, regional integration has intensified on every continent, with the European Union (then known as European Community) in the lead. Regional economic integration has a fairly long history in virtually all parts of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Differentiate between the motivating factors for regional integration for developed nations such as UK and developing nations such as African countries. Regional integration helps countries overcome divisions that impede the flow of goods, services, capital, people and ideas. Regional integration helps countries overcome divisions that impede the flow of goods, services, capital, people and ideas. It also looked at additional issues, such as diploma recognition, integration into the destination country society, and potential reasons and incentives for ... WHO Regional Office for Europe Journal of African Business, Vol.10, No.2 7 January 2010. These factors have been divided by some commentators into demand factors, such as the potential for economic gain for each member state and supply factors, such as the existence of commitment institutions, for example a regional Court. Regional integration refers to various types of political and economic agreements that form closer ties between sovereign countries. Since a regional common market obviously provides a much larger market than that offered by the domestic market of a single country, economies of scale, both internal and external, become possible with the widened size of the market. The third was the integration of all modes of ASEAN cooperation – political, economic, and social – into one coherent and coordinated effort. This paper seeks to identify and examine the demand and Regional integration arrangements initially became fashionable in the 1960s, following the formation of the European Economic Community in 1957 and the European Free Trade Area in 1960. <> The healthy effects of such a regional economic integration are presumed to be as follows: 1. A major benefit of a region’s economic integration is an increase in intra-regional trade. <> Regional integration is seen as a rational response to the difficulties faced by a continent with many small national markets and landlocked countries. Africa’s integration is no longer a matter of choice. Motivating factors for health workers who migrate from Republic of Moldova . Essay on the Role of Regional Literature in Cultural Integration. 2. Expert Answer Motivating Factors for both types of nations: For Developed Nations For Developing Nations Maximising the profit potential by reaching to overseas market with high demand due to high po view the full answer At some point, someone has to make it all work. endobj Our mission is to liberate knowledge. 5. The healthy effects of such a regional economic integration are presumed to be as follows: 1. One was the integration of the ASEAN market. endstream Sakakibara and Yamakawa examine the motivating factors and underlying dynamics of the progression toward closer cooperation in the region beginning from a historical perspective, which sets the stage for an evaluation of the form that regional cooperation might take so as not to sacrifice the benefits of the region’s already achieved openness. <>stream Factors Motivating Exports: The Canadian Evidence Peter Yannopoulos, Faculty of Business, Brock University, ... provide some export assistance according to regional needs and rather complimentary to federal support. Thus, by capturing the concepts and observed processes underlying the European experience can we expect to make any contribution to understanding the phenomenon of new regionalism and regional integration elsewhere. All the articles you read in this site are contributed by users like you, with a single vision to liberate knowledge. 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