showed that many French Catholics supported Navarre's claim, despite his Protestant faith. Banks and Erica Johnson The French Revolution, though political, assumed the guise and tactics of a religious revolution. Catherine, however, later hardened her stance and, at the time of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in 1572, sided with the Guises. [2], The emphasis of Renaissance Humanism on ad fontes, the return to the sources, had inevitably spread from the study and reconstruction of secular Greek and Latin texts, with a view to artistic and linguistic renewal, to the reading, study, and translation of the Church Fathers and finally the New Testament itself, with a view to religious renewal and reform. [14] Despite this, in January 1535, Catholic authorities decided that those classified as "Lutherans" were actually Zwinglians (also heretical), followers of Huldrych Zwingli. [12] Furthermore, the reduction of salvation to a business scheme based on the 'good works for sale' system added to the injury. 45–68). Coligny and his troops retreated to the south-west and regrouped with Gabriel, comte de Montgomery, and in spring of 1570, they pillaged Toulouse, cut a path through the south of France, and went up the Rhone valley up to La Charité-sur-Loire. Over the remainder of Louis XIII's reign, and especially during the minority of Louis XIV, the implementation of the Edict varied year by year. Others reconverted to Catholicism for survival, and the remainder concentrated in a small number of cities where they formed a majority. This signaled the rise of England as a world naval power. ), The Arts of Remembrance in Early Modern England: Memorial Cultures of the Post Reformation (Farnham, 2013).- Eric Griffin, "Copying 'the Anti-Spaniard': Post-Armada Hispanophobia and English Renaissance Drama", in Representing Imperial Rivalry in the Early Modern Mediterranean (Toronto, 2015), p. 191-216.- Alexandra Halasz, The Marketplace of Print: Pamphlets and the Public Sphere in Early Modern England (Cambridge, 1997).- Richard Hillman, Shakespeare, Marlowe and the Politics of France (New York, 2002).- Clifford Huffman, Elizabethan impressions: John Wolfe and his press (New York, 1988).- Andrew Kirk, The Mirror of Confusion: The Representation of French History in English Renaissance Drama (New York, 1996).- Peter Lake, Bad Queen Bess? The pamphlets displayed below were all printed by Richard Field or John Wolfe in London and pleased the English government. Comparing the English Civil War and the French Revolution Introduction The English Civil War and the French Revolution were some of the events that shaped history in the 18th century. The Estates-General of Blois (1576) failed to resolve matters, and by December, the Huguenots had already taken up arms in Poitou and Guyenne. A timeline chronology showing 17th Century Wars, the main wars of the seventeenth century, including name of war, dates and combatants Huguenot leaders such as Condé and Coligny fled court in fear for their lives, many of their followers were murdered, and in September, the Edict of Saint-Maur revoked the freedom of Huguenots to worship. 19 terms. The Meaux circle was joined by Vatable, a Hebraist,[7] and Guillaume Budé, the classicist and librarian to the king. The Parlement of Paris instituted criminal charges against the King, who now joined forces with his cousin, the Huguenot, Henry of Navarre, to war against the League. While the wars of religion often began as conflicts between Catholics and Protestants, there were political, economic, civil, and national reasons behind the wars as well. In the 1550s, the establishment of the Geneva church provided leadership to the disorganized French Calvinist (Huguenot) church. Meanwhile, Philippe Emmanuel, Duke of Mercœur, whom Henry III had made governor of Brittany in 1582, was endeavouring to make himself independent in that province. Despite the campaigns between 1590 and 1592, Henry IV was "no closer to capturing Paris". That July, the French expelled the English. [50] In the Battle of Dreux (December 1562), Condé was captured by the Guises, and Montmorency, the governor general, was captured by those opposing the crown. 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